Passage-Changing Our Understanding of Health IELTS READING

A
The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and
groups. These meanings of health have also changed over time. This change
is no more evident than in Western society today when notions of health and health promotion are being challenged and expanded in new ways.

B

For much of recent Western history, health has been viewed in the physical
sense only. That is, good health has been connected to the smooth
mechanical operation of the body, while ill health has been attributed to a breakdown in this machine. Health in this sense has been defined as the
absence of disease or illness and is seen in medical terms. According to this view, creating health for people means providing medical care to treat or prevent disease and illness. During this period, there was an emphasis on
providing clean water, improved sanitation, and housing.

C
In the late 1940s, the World Health Organisation challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that ‘health is a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease’ (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind/body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.

C
In the late 1940s, the World Health Organisation challenged this physically and medically oriented view of health. They stated that ‘health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and is not merely the absence of disease’ (WHO, 1946). Health and the person were seen more holistically (mind/body/spirit) and not just in physical terms.

E
During the 1980s and 1990s, there has been a growing swing away from seeing lifestyle risks as the root cause of poor health. While lifestyle factors still remain important, health is being viewed also in terms of the social, economic, and environmental contexts in which people live. This broad approach to health is called the socio-ecological view of health. The broad socio-ecological view of health was endorsed at the first International Conference of Health Promotion held in 1986, Ottawa, Canada, where people
from 38 countries agreed and declared that:

The fundamental conditions and resources for health are peace, shelter, education, food, a viable income, a stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice and equity. Improvement in health requires a secure foundation in these basic requirements. (WHO, 1986)

It is clear from this statement that the creation of health is about much more
than encouraging healthy individual behaviors and lifestyles and providing appropriate medical care. Therefore, the creation of health must include addressing issues such as poverty, pollution, urbanisation, natural resource depletion, social alienation and poor working conditions. The social, economic
and environmental contexts which contribute to the creation of health do not operate separately or independently of each other. Rather, they are interacting and interdependent, and it is the complex interrelationships between them
which determine the conditions that promote health. A broad socio-ecological view of health suggests that the promotion of health must include a strong social, economic and environmental focus.

F

At the Ottawa Conference in 1986, a charter was developed which outlined new directions for health promotion based on the socio-ecological view of
health. This charter, known as the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, remains as the backbone of health action today. In exploring the scope of
health promotion it states that:

Good health is a major resource for social, economic and
 personal development and an important dimension of
 quality of life. Political, economic, social, cultural,
 environmental, behavioural and biological factors can all
 favour health or be harmful to it. (WHO, 1986)

The Ottawa Charter brings practical meaning and action to this broad notion of health promotion. It presents fundamental strategies and approaches in achieving health for all. The overall philosophy of health promotion which guides these fundamental strategies and approaches is one of ‘enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health (WHO, 1986).

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Related Practise Test

Questions 14–18- Changing Our Understanding of Health IELTS READING

Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs A–F.
Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B–F from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate numbers (i–ix) in boxes 14–18 on your answer sheet.

NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.

14. Paragraph B
15. Paragraph C
16. Paragraph D
17. Paragraph E
18. Paragraph F

Questions 19–22- Changing Our Understanding of Health IELTS READING

Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage, answer the following questions. Write your answers in boxes 19–22 on your answer sheet.

19. In which year did the World Health Organisation define health in terms of mental, physical and social well-being?
20. Which members of society benefited most from the healthy lifestyles approach to health?
21. Name the three broad areas which relate to people’s health, according to the socioecological view of health.
22. During which decade were lifestyle risks seen as the major contributors to poor health?

Questions 23–27– Changing Our Understanding of Health IELTS READING

Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 23–27 on your answer sheet write.

YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passsage

23. Doctors have been instrumental in improving living standards in Western society.
24. The approach to health during the 1970s included the introduction of health awareness programs.
25. The socio-ecological view of health recognises that lifestyle habits and the provision of adequate health care are critical factors governing health.
26. The principles of the Ottawa Charter are considered to be out of date in the 1990s.
27. In recent years a number of additional countries have subscribed to the Ottawa
    Charter.

Answers of Changing Our Understanding of Health.